set the stage
- Crisis Intervention Teams (CIT) Training
- Co-response models: Police + Clinician
- Social Worker/Clinician only response
- Peer-Led Crisis Response
Crisis Intervention Teams (CIT) Training
On the positive side, Crisis Intervention Teams (CIT) Training…
- Teaches officers limited methods for managing and relating to people in mental and behavioral health crisis
On the negative side, Crisis Intervention Teams (CIT) Training…
- Does not reduce residents’ involvement with the criminal legal system
- Does not reduce use of force, number of arrests, or citizen injuries
- Does not improve residents’ access to mental/behavioral health services
- Does not reduce residents’ contact with police
- Does not reduce police involvement in non-criminal emergencies
- Does not increase community accountability of law enforcement
- Does not respond to the demands of people with lived experience of the criminal justice system or coercive psychiatric care
- Does not reduce the cost of emergency response or public safety for municipalities
- Does not build civilian capacity to respond to emergencies
Officers who have committed well publicized and widely condemned police killings have received CIT training or even served as local department trainers for CIT.
Based in part on public hearings at the Massachusetts State House on the Alternative Crisis Response Act (SD.2342 / HD.3807, Chang-Diaz / Sabadosa).
Co-response models: Police + Clinician
On the positive side, co-responder models…
- Show limited increased comfort by residents in distress vs. interactions with police alone
- Offers limited help with engaging existing care providers, de-escalation, etc.
- Show some reduction in arrests and psychiatric hospitalizations
Crucially, the literature that highlights the benefits of co-responder models also notes that the participation of the police is almost always unnecessary and often counterproductive in such models. In other words, co-responder models would work better if they were merely civilian social work response without the police.
In addition, many social workers and other clinicians see co-responder models as deeply flawed and problematic.
On the negative side, co-responder models…
- Create significant ethical problems for care providers
- Typically enlist large institutionalized social service providers with poor reputations among marginalized residents
- Do not reduce residents’ contact with police
- Do not reduce police involvement in non-criminal emergencies
- Do not increase community accountability of law enforcement
- Do not reduce the cost of emergency response for municipalities
- Do not build civilian, community-based capacity to respond to emergencies
- Do not respond to the demands of people with lived experience of the criminal justice system or coercive psychiatric care
Based in part on public hearings at the Massachusetts State House on the Alternative Crisis Response Act (SD.2342 / HD.3807, Chang-Diaz / Sabadosa).